By William Fisher
In a stunning reversal, Britain’s government admitted yesterday that it participated in the ‘extraordinary rendition’ to Afghanistan of two terror suspects captured in Iraq by the U.S.
U.K. Defense Secretary John Hutton told Britain's House of Commons that the two individuals were captured by U.K. forces in Iraq, transferred to U.S. detention and later moved to a U.S. detention facility in Afghanistan.
His admission contradicts the British Government’s earlier assertions that there were only two cases involving detainee rendition. That statement involved the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia, a British territory, which the government admitted had twice been used by the U.S. as a refueling stop for the secret transfer of terrorism suspects.
Apologizing to lawmakers for the error, Hutton said, "I regret that it is now clear that inaccurate information on this particular issue has been given to the House by my department," Hutton told lawmakers. "I must stress that this was based on the information available to ministers and those who were briefing them at the time."
At the time, the U.S. denied using the island for extraordinary rendition flights, but later acknowledged that it had misled the British government. British Foreign Secretary David Miliband later released a statement declaring that the U.S. had studied a list of 391 flights compiled by British human rights groups and lawmakers and that no other cases had been found.
Hutton told lawmakers that the two men are still being held in Afghanistan. He said the U.S. has given assurances that they are being held "in a humane, safe and secure environment."
It was unclear if the men were being held along with some 600 others at the U.S. military prison at Bagram Air Force Base, near Kabul. That base has been the target of recent charges from human rights groups that it has become Afghanistan’s Guantanamo Bay, that many prisoners have been locked up there for years without charges or access to lawyers, and that some have been tortured and abused.
Hutton’s disclosure comes on the heels of a firestorm caused by a lawsuit brought in the U.K. by British resident Binyam Mohamed, who was arrested in Pakistan in 2002, and who charged that British intelligence was complicit with the CIA in rendering him to Morocco, then to Bagram, and finally flying him to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Mohamed was held there since 2004 before his release and return to the U.K. earlier this week. No charges were ever filed against him. Until shortly before his release, he had been on a hunger strike at the Caribbean military prison.
The lawsuit he filed in the U.K. – similar to a separate suit brought in the U.S. -- has caused a furor in Britain, where officials asked the British High Court not to make public documents that Mohamed’s lawyers say substantiate his treatment. Opposition spokesmen there claimed the U.S. had threatened to stop sharing intelligence with the U.K. if the documents were made public. The British Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, denied there was any threat.
Mohamed’s U.S. lawyer, Steven Watt, a staff attorney in the Human Rights program of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), told this reporter, “It’s about time the U.K. came clean. News of Britain’s complicity with the CIA has been slowly leaking out for several years. We now know more than enough to conclude that the U.K. has played a role.”
“Both countries are still trying to keep this information secret, either to avoid political embarrassment or to cover up some egregious human rights abuses,” he said.
Asked by this reporter about the timing of the Defense Minister’s announcement and apology, Watt said, “Maybe they finally want to make a clean breast of it.”
In a related development, newly-confirmed CIA Director Leon Panetta said Wednesday that President Barack Obama may limit the countries to which the U.S. sends alleged terrorists to those with good human-rights records, and will ensure they are not tortured or abused.
"If it's someone we are interested in, there is no purpose to rendering anyone, particularly if it's a high-value target," Panetta said.
Panetta added that he believes prisoners should only be handed over to countries that have a legitimate legal interest in them, such as their home country or a country where charges are pending against them.
Panetta seemed to be trying to distance himself from statements he made during his congressional confirmation hearing earlier this month. He told lawmakers that the Obama administration intended to continue rendering prisoners captured in the war on terrorism.
Panetta said the administration would rely on a long-standing policy to first secure “diplomatic assurances” from the country that the prisoner would not be tortured or have his human rights violated. But human rights groups point out that such assurances have proved to be virtually worthless in the past, when suspects have been flown to countries with egregious human rights records.
Panetta said the Obama administration would "make very sure" that prisoners are not mistreated after they are rendered. Asked by the Associated Press exactly how that would be done, Panetta said, "Well, I guess, you know, A, make sure, first of all, the kind of countries that we render will tell us an awful lot about that," he said. "No. 2, I think diplomatically we just have to make sure that we have a presence to ensure that that does not happen."
The White House is currently reviewing the extraordinary rendition policy and program.
Panetta said he does not believe additional prisoners will be sent to Guantanamo this year. In his first week in office, Obama ordered the prison closed within a year, but no decision has yet been made public on what to do with the roughly 250 inmates still there. Only a handful have been charged with a crime, and those trials have been suspended while the Obama administration reviews its legal options.
Thursday, February 26, 2009
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
What About Bagram?
By William Fisher
While human rights and legal advocacy groups applauded President Barack Obama’s decision to close the military prison at Guantanamo Bay within a year, many immediately raised another thorny question: “What About Bagram?”
Their answer came as a shock and a surprise. In a brief filing in federal court last week, lawyers from President Barack Obama’s Department of Justice (DOJ) said they would adopt the same position taken by the Bush administration -- that detainees held at the Bagram air base in Afghanistan have no right to challenge their detention in U.S. courts.
The U.S. government is holding more than 600 prisoners at Bagram. Some claim they are victims of “extraordinary rendition” by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), while many more say they have been tortured and abused at the facility just outside Kabul.
Marjorie Cohn, president of the National Lawyers Guild, told IPS, “In Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court held that Guantánamo detainees have a right to habeas corpus to challenge their detention but it did not limit that right to Guantánamo. Justice Kennedy said the Court would not look kindly on the executive who imprisons people in other countries to avoid the jurisdiction of U.S. courts.”
She added, “The Obama administration is reportedly sending detainees to Bagram instead of Guantánamo. It is alarming that hundreds of people in U.S. custody in Iraq and Afghanistan will evidently be denied access to courts to review their ‘enemy combatant’ designations.”
Barbara Olshansky, lead counsel for three Bagram detainees and a visiting professor at Stanford Law School, said she was deeply disappointed that the Obama administration had decided to "adhere to a position that has contributed to making our country a pariah around the world for its flagrant disregard of people's human rights."
She said she hoped that the Obama administration was merely signaling it was still working on its position regarding the detainee issue.
The U.S. District Court held a hearing in early January on separate challenges filed on behalf of four detainees taken to Bagram from outside Afghanistan. At the hearing, Bush administration lawyers argued that Bagram detainees were different from those held at Guantanamo, and could pose a security threat if released.
That policy will now be reviewed in U.S. court, where advocacy groups will argue that Bagram detainees should have the same rights as those in Guantanamo, including the right to a hearing before a neutral judge.
The issue will likely generate even more contention in coming months, as
Obama deploys thousands of extra U.S. troops to Afghanistan and a $60-million expansion doubles the capacity of the Bagram Theatre Internment Facility (BTIF).
Some observers are saying they are not surprised by the Obama Administration’s decision to follow the Bush model, pointing out that this is the second time that’s happened during the month since the new president took office.
In a controversial case in San Francisco earlier this month, Obama lawyers declined to change the earlier Bush Administration’s invocation of the “state secrets privilege” to attempt to prevent a federal court from ever hearing a lawsuit brought by an Ethiopian-born British resident who claims he was a victim of “extraordinary rendition.”
Binyam Mohamed, who until yesterday was a prisoner at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, is attempting to sue a company known as Jeppesen Dataplan – a subsidiary of The Boeing Corporation – for providing knowingly providing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with logistical support for the aircraft it used in his “extraordinary rendition.”
Mohamed was released from Guantanamo and returned to the United Kingdom yeserday, with no charges ever filed against him. He had been on a hunger strike at the Caribbean military prison.
A separate lawsuit he filed in the U.K. has caused a furor there, where officials refused to make public documents that Mohamed’s lawyers say show that their client was kidnapped and tortured in several secret prisons, and that the U.K. authorities were complicit with the C.I.A. in his treatment. Opposition spokesmen in Britain claimed the U.S. had threatened to stop sharing intelligence with the U.K. if the documents were made public. The British Foreign Secretary, David Milliband, denied there was any threat.
As he arrived back in the country, the 30-year-old claimed he was tortured while being held on suspicion of terrorism with the full knowledge of British intelligence.
Speaking from London's RAF Northolt, Mohamed's lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, said he was "100 per cent certain" that the truth about his client's treatment would be made public.
A United Nations report last week singled out the Bagram facility for criticism. While the Red Cross was allowed to visit detainees, the report said, the Red Cross findings are kept secret and the U.S. military has denied UN requests for similar visits.
"There are reports that some persons have been in detention at Bagram for as
long as five years," the report says. "Some ex-detainees allege being subjected to severe torture, even sexual abuse. Ex-detainees also allege that they were held in cages containing between 15 to 20 men and that two detainees died in questionable circumstances while in custody."
In a briefing paper, Amnesty International urged President Obama and his administration to discontinue what it calls the "unlawful detention policies" of the Bush administration and ensure that detainees held at Bagram have access to U.S. courts so they may challenge their detentions.
The paper, entitled, “Out of sight, out of mind, out of court?,” argues for the right of Bagram detainees to judicial review. The organization sent to the paper to the new U.S. administration.
"Judicial review is a basic safeguard against executive abuse and a protection against arbitrary and secret detention, torture and other ill-treatment and unlawful transfers from one country or government to another," the briefing paper said.
"In the absence of judicial oversight, detainees in Bagram, as at Guantanamo, have been subjected to just such abuses. Even children have not been spared."
Amnesty said among Bagram's some 600 detainees were Afghan nationals, but also individuals of other nationalities.
"Some have been held for years," it said. "The U.S. authorities must now ensure that all U.S. detentions in Afghanistan comply with international law."
During his first week in office, President Obama ordered the Guantanamo prison camp to be closed within a year and named Attorney General Eric Holder to head a task force to review the case file of each of the 245 detainees to determine what to do with them. About 20 prisoners were scheduled to face trials by Military Commission but Obama suspended these proceedings while his administration reviews its judicial options.
At Bagram, prisoners’ cases are reviewed by the U.S. military every six months.
The next major detention question likely to face the Obama Administration is what to do with Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, the last ‘enemy combatant imprisoned in the United States. Al-Marri has been held in isolation at a naval brig in South Carolina for more than five years. He has never stood trial or been convicted of any crime.
On September 10th, 2001, al-Marri, who is a citizen of Qatar, arrived in the United States with his wife and children. He had a student visa and said he was here to study computer programming at a university in Peoria, Illinois. That December, he was arrested as a material witness in the 9/11 attacks. In June 2003, al-Marri was supposed to stand trial. But President Bush ordered the military to seize him and hold him indefinitely, thus keeping al-Marri out of court but also putting him into legal limbo.
During the first month of the Obama Administration, there has been virtually no mention of the al-Marri case.
While human rights and legal advocacy groups applauded President Barack Obama’s decision to close the military prison at Guantanamo Bay within a year, many immediately raised another thorny question: “What About Bagram?”
Their answer came as a shock and a surprise. In a brief filing in federal court last week, lawyers from President Barack Obama’s Department of Justice (DOJ) said they would adopt the same position taken by the Bush administration -- that detainees held at the Bagram air base in Afghanistan have no right to challenge their detention in U.S. courts.
The U.S. government is holding more than 600 prisoners at Bagram. Some claim they are victims of “extraordinary rendition” by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), while many more say they have been tortured and abused at the facility just outside Kabul.
Marjorie Cohn, president of the National Lawyers Guild, told IPS, “In Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court held that Guantánamo detainees have a right to habeas corpus to challenge their detention but it did not limit that right to Guantánamo. Justice Kennedy said the Court would not look kindly on the executive who imprisons people in other countries to avoid the jurisdiction of U.S. courts.”
She added, “The Obama administration is reportedly sending detainees to Bagram instead of Guantánamo. It is alarming that hundreds of people in U.S. custody in Iraq and Afghanistan will evidently be denied access to courts to review their ‘enemy combatant’ designations.”
Barbara Olshansky, lead counsel for three Bagram detainees and a visiting professor at Stanford Law School, said she was deeply disappointed that the Obama administration had decided to "adhere to a position that has contributed to making our country a pariah around the world for its flagrant disregard of people's human rights."
She said she hoped that the Obama administration was merely signaling it was still working on its position regarding the detainee issue.
The U.S. District Court held a hearing in early January on separate challenges filed on behalf of four detainees taken to Bagram from outside Afghanistan. At the hearing, Bush administration lawyers argued that Bagram detainees were different from those held at Guantanamo, and could pose a security threat if released.
That policy will now be reviewed in U.S. court, where advocacy groups will argue that Bagram detainees should have the same rights as those in Guantanamo, including the right to a hearing before a neutral judge.
The issue will likely generate even more contention in coming months, as
Obama deploys thousands of extra U.S. troops to Afghanistan and a $60-million expansion doubles the capacity of the Bagram Theatre Internment Facility (BTIF).
Some observers are saying they are not surprised by the Obama Administration’s decision to follow the Bush model, pointing out that this is the second time that’s happened during the month since the new president took office.
In a controversial case in San Francisco earlier this month, Obama lawyers declined to change the earlier Bush Administration’s invocation of the “state secrets privilege” to attempt to prevent a federal court from ever hearing a lawsuit brought by an Ethiopian-born British resident who claims he was a victim of “extraordinary rendition.”
Binyam Mohamed, who until yesterday was a prisoner at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, is attempting to sue a company known as Jeppesen Dataplan – a subsidiary of The Boeing Corporation – for providing knowingly providing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with logistical support for the aircraft it used in his “extraordinary rendition.”
Mohamed was released from Guantanamo and returned to the United Kingdom yeserday, with no charges ever filed against him. He had been on a hunger strike at the Caribbean military prison.
A separate lawsuit he filed in the U.K. has caused a furor there, where officials refused to make public documents that Mohamed’s lawyers say show that their client was kidnapped and tortured in several secret prisons, and that the U.K. authorities were complicit with the C.I.A. in his treatment. Opposition spokesmen in Britain claimed the U.S. had threatened to stop sharing intelligence with the U.K. if the documents were made public. The British Foreign Secretary, David Milliband, denied there was any threat.
As he arrived back in the country, the 30-year-old claimed he was tortured while being held on suspicion of terrorism with the full knowledge of British intelligence.
Speaking from London's RAF Northolt, Mohamed's lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, said he was "100 per cent certain" that the truth about his client's treatment would be made public.
A United Nations report last week singled out the Bagram facility for criticism. While the Red Cross was allowed to visit detainees, the report said, the Red Cross findings are kept secret and the U.S. military has denied UN requests for similar visits.
"There are reports that some persons have been in detention at Bagram for as
long as five years," the report says. "Some ex-detainees allege being subjected to severe torture, even sexual abuse. Ex-detainees also allege that they were held in cages containing between 15 to 20 men and that two detainees died in questionable circumstances while in custody."
In a briefing paper, Amnesty International urged President Obama and his administration to discontinue what it calls the "unlawful detention policies" of the Bush administration and ensure that detainees held at Bagram have access to U.S. courts so they may challenge their detentions.
The paper, entitled, “Out of sight, out of mind, out of court?,” argues for the right of Bagram detainees to judicial review. The organization sent to the paper to the new U.S. administration.
"Judicial review is a basic safeguard against executive abuse and a protection against arbitrary and secret detention, torture and other ill-treatment and unlawful transfers from one country or government to another," the briefing paper said.
"In the absence of judicial oversight, detainees in Bagram, as at Guantanamo, have been subjected to just such abuses. Even children have not been spared."
Amnesty said among Bagram's some 600 detainees were Afghan nationals, but also individuals of other nationalities.
"Some have been held for years," it said. "The U.S. authorities must now ensure that all U.S. detentions in Afghanistan comply with international law."
During his first week in office, President Obama ordered the Guantanamo prison camp to be closed within a year and named Attorney General Eric Holder to head a task force to review the case file of each of the 245 detainees to determine what to do with them. About 20 prisoners were scheduled to face trials by Military Commission but Obama suspended these proceedings while his administration reviews its judicial options.
At Bagram, prisoners’ cases are reviewed by the U.S. military every six months.
The next major detention question likely to face the Obama Administration is what to do with Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, the last ‘enemy combatant imprisoned in the United States. Al-Marri has been held in isolation at a naval brig in South Carolina for more than five years. He has never stood trial or been convicted of any crime.
On September 10th, 2001, al-Marri, who is a citizen of Qatar, arrived in the United States with his wife and children. He had a student visa and said he was here to study computer programming at a university in Peoria, Illinois. That December, he was arrested as a material witness in the 9/11 attacks. In June 2003, al-Marri was supposed to stand trial. But President Bush ordered the military to seize him and hold him indefinitely, thus keeping al-Marri out of court but also putting him into legal limbo.
During the first month of the Obama Administration, there has been virtually no mention of the al-Marri case.
Terms of Confinement
By William Fisher
A leading human rights organization charges that contrary to recent U.S. Government reports that found prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, being treated humanely, “The men at Guantánamo are deteriorating at a rapid rate” due to “harsh conditions that continue to this day, despite a few cosmetic changes to their routines.”
The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) released a report on the current conditions in Camps 5, 6, and Echo following a press conference convened late last week by Admiral Patrick M. Walsh, the vice chief of naval operations. In his own report on conditions at Guantanamo, delivered to the White House, Walsh determined that conditions at the base meet the standards of the Geneva Conventions.
CCR’s report, “Conditions of Confinement at Guantanamo: Still in Violation of the Law,” disputes that conclusion. It covers conditions at Guantánamo in January and February 2009 and includes new eyewitness accounts from attorneys and detainees. The authors address what they call the continuing abusive conditions at the prison camp, including conditions of confinement that they say violate U.S. obligations under the Geneva Conventions, the U.S. Constitution and international human rights law.
CCR Staff Attorney Pardiss Kebriaei said the GITMO detainees “are caught in a vicious cycle where their isolation causes psychological damage, which causes them to act out, which brings more abuse and keeps them in isolation. If they are going to be there another year, or even another day, this has to end.”
“Detainees at Guantanamo have continued to suffer from solitary confinement, psychological abuse, abusive force-feeding of hunger strikers, religious abuse, and physical abuse and threats of violence from guards and Immediate Reaction Force (IRF) teams,” the report charged.
It claimed the majority of the men being detained “are in isolation. They go weeks without seeing the sun. Fluorescent lights, however, remain on 24 hours a day in Camp 5.” According to the report, “improvements” cited by the military are, by and large, public relations activities rather than meaningful improvements in detainees’ conditions.
The CCR report takes issue with two recent U.S. government pronouncements. On February 13, Colonel Bruce Vargo, commander of the Joint Detention Group at Guantánamo, stated that, “There are no solitary confinement detention areas” at GITMO and “Detainees typically are able to communicate with other detainees either face-to-face or by spoken word from their cells throughout the day.”
CCR attorneys say this means that the men can yell through the metal food slot in the solid steel doors of their cells when it is left open and through the crack between the door and the floor.
The organization also challenged Admiral Walsh’s conclusion that "all detainees are well protected from violence." Walsh said guards or others who engaged in abuse were reprimanded or immediately relieved of their jobs, depending on the nature of the offense.
But Walsh’s report acknowledged that the continued detention of prisoners who have been approved for release has spawned widespread frustration and anxiety, which has led to protests and friction with guards. Fifty-nine detainees have already been cleared for release but remain at the prison because the U.S. says it cannot find countries to accept them.
"We conclude that certainty regarding the detainees' future has a direct correlation to detainee behavior and, therefore, conditions inside the camp population."
Walsh led a 13-day investigation at the military prison, interviewing staff and detainees and conducting announced and unannounced inspections round the clock.
He said he substantiated allegations of abuse that included insults and the preemptive use of pepper spray. Walsh’s report focused on current conditions at Guantanamo and was not an attempt to review its seven-year history.
But CCR and other human rights and civil liberties groups said that solitary confinement has led to the deterioration of the physical and psychological health of detainees, some of whom are force-fed because they are on hunger strikes.
A spokesman for the International Committee of the Red Cross, the only organization with unfettered access to the prisoners, said the group supports the recommendations for increased socialization for all detainees but disagreed with Walsh's conclusion that force-feeding is in compliance with the Geneva Conventions.
"For ICRC it is an issue of human dignity," said Bernard Barrett, a spokesman for the agency. "Freely made choices and the preservation of human dignity are critical."
Their report details multiple cases of abuse occurring in the last month and a half. One detainee in Camp 6 wrote to his attorney in January 2009, “As I told you, we are in very bad condition, suffering from aggression, beating and IRF (Immediate Reaction Force) teams, as well as the inability to sleep except for a few hours. Soldiers here are on a high alert state and if one of us dares to leave his cell and comes back without any harm, he is considered as a man who survived an inevitable danger.”
The CCR report said hunger strikes continue among a large number of men at Guantanamo. “Hunger strikers are brutally force-fed using a restraint chair and often unsanitary feeding tubes, and are beaten for refusing food, a practice that continued within the last month and a half.” Force-feeding hunger strikers is considered by the World Medical Association to be a violation of medical ethics and has continued unabated since President Obama’s Executive Order.
“Detainees are still denied access to communal prayer,” the CCR report said. “Military officials continue to classify hearing a call to prayer through a food slot as communal prayer, which does not comport with the requirements of Islam.” It adds, “There has been no Muslim chaplain at Guantanamo since 2003, despite repeated requests.”
The report also charged that detainees are “subject to body search procedures that require the men to subject themselves to a scanner that visually strips the men naked each time they leave their cells for attorney meetings or recreation. This humiliating and degrading experience, particularly given the men’s strong religious background, has led them to stay in their cells all day, refusing attorney meetings and recreation entirely.”
The CCR report recommends closing Camps 5, 6 and Echo immediately, ending solitary confinement and the religious abuse of detainees, stopping the use of IRF teams and all other physical abuse of detainees, ending the feeding of individuals against their will or under coercive circumstances,allowing detainees immediate access to independent medical and psychological professionals and ceasing the practice of forcible medication.
CCR Executive Director Vincent Warren called on President Barack Obama to “quickly remedy and end the Guantánamo created by his predecessor (former President George W. Bush), not embrace a whitewash of it.”
During his first week in office, President Obama ordered the Guantanamo prison camp to be closed within a year and named Attorney General Eric Holder to head a task force to review the case file of each of the 245 detainees to determine what to do with them. About 20 prisoners were scheduled to face trials by Military Commission but Obama suspended these proceedings while his administration reviews its judicial options.
CCR has been responsible for organizing and coordinating more than 500 lawyers across the country in order to represent the men at Guantanamo.
A leading human rights organization charges that contrary to recent U.S. Government reports that found prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, being treated humanely, “The men at Guantánamo are deteriorating at a rapid rate” due to “harsh conditions that continue to this day, despite a few cosmetic changes to their routines.”
The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) released a report on the current conditions in Camps 5, 6, and Echo following a press conference convened late last week by Admiral Patrick M. Walsh, the vice chief of naval operations. In his own report on conditions at Guantanamo, delivered to the White House, Walsh determined that conditions at the base meet the standards of the Geneva Conventions.
CCR’s report, “Conditions of Confinement at Guantanamo: Still in Violation of the Law,” disputes that conclusion. It covers conditions at Guantánamo in January and February 2009 and includes new eyewitness accounts from attorneys and detainees. The authors address what they call the continuing abusive conditions at the prison camp, including conditions of confinement that they say violate U.S. obligations under the Geneva Conventions, the U.S. Constitution and international human rights law.
CCR Staff Attorney Pardiss Kebriaei said the GITMO detainees “are caught in a vicious cycle where their isolation causes psychological damage, which causes them to act out, which brings more abuse and keeps them in isolation. If they are going to be there another year, or even another day, this has to end.”
“Detainees at Guantanamo have continued to suffer from solitary confinement, psychological abuse, abusive force-feeding of hunger strikers, religious abuse, and physical abuse and threats of violence from guards and Immediate Reaction Force (IRF) teams,” the report charged.
It claimed the majority of the men being detained “are in isolation. They go weeks without seeing the sun. Fluorescent lights, however, remain on 24 hours a day in Camp 5.” According to the report, “improvements” cited by the military are, by and large, public relations activities rather than meaningful improvements in detainees’ conditions.
The CCR report takes issue with two recent U.S. government pronouncements. On February 13, Colonel Bruce Vargo, commander of the Joint Detention Group at Guantánamo, stated that, “There are no solitary confinement detention areas” at GITMO and “Detainees typically are able to communicate with other detainees either face-to-face or by spoken word from their cells throughout the day.”
CCR attorneys say this means that the men can yell through the metal food slot in the solid steel doors of their cells when it is left open and through the crack between the door and the floor.
The organization also challenged Admiral Walsh’s conclusion that "all detainees are well protected from violence." Walsh said guards or others who engaged in abuse were reprimanded or immediately relieved of their jobs, depending on the nature of the offense.
But Walsh’s report acknowledged that the continued detention of prisoners who have been approved for release has spawned widespread frustration and anxiety, which has led to protests and friction with guards. Fifty-nine detainees have already been cleared for release but remain at the prison because the U.S. says it cannot find countries to accept them.
"We conclude that certainty regarding the detainees' future has a direct correlation to detainee behavior and, therefore, conditions inside the camp population."
Walsh led a 13-day investigation at the military prison, interviewing staff and detainees and conducting announced and unannounced inspections round the clock.
He said he substantiated allegations of abuse that included insults and the preemptive use of pepper spray. Walsh’s report focused on current conditions at Guantanamo and was not an attempt to review its seven-year history.
But CCR and other human rights and civil liberties groups said that solitary confinement has led to the deterioration of the physical and psychological health of detainees, some of whom are force-fed because they are on hunger strikes.
A spokesman for the International Committee of the Red Cross, the only organization with unfettered access to the prisoners, said the group supports the recommendations for increased socialization for all detainees but disagreed with Walsh's conclusion that force-feeding is in compliance with the Geneva Conventions.
"For ICRC it is an issue of human dignity," said Bernard Barrett, a spokesman for the agency. "Freely made choices and the preservation of human dignity are critical."
Their report details multiple cases of abuse occurring in the last month and a half. One detainee in Camp 6 wrote to his attorney in January 2009, “As I told you, we are in very bad condition, suffering from aggression, beating and IRF (Immediate Reaction Force) teams, as well as the inability to sleep except for a few hours. Soldiers here are on a high alert state and if one of us dares to leave his cell and comes back without any harm, he is considered as a man who survived an inevitable danger.”
The CCR report said hunger strikes continue among a large number of men at Guantanamo. “Hunger strikers are brutally force-fed using a restraint chair and often unsanitary feeding tubes, and are beaten for refusing food, a practice that continued within the last month and a half.” Force-feeding hunger strikers is considered by the World Medical Association to be a violation of medical ethics and has continued unabated since President Obama’s Executive Order.
“Detainees are still denied access to communal prayer,” the CCR report said. “Military officials continue to classify hearing a call to prayer through a food slot as communal prayer, which does not comport with the requirements of Islam.” It adds, “There has been no Muslim chaplain at Guantanamo since 2003, despite repeated requests.”
The report also charged that detainees are “subject to body search procedures that require the men to subject themselves to a scanner that visually strips the men naked each time they leave their cells for attorney meetings or recreation. This humiliating and degrading experience, particularly given the men’s strong religious background, has led them to stay in their cells all day, refusing attorney meetings and recreation entirely.”
The CCR report recommends closing Camps 5, 6 and Echo immediately, ending solitary confinement and the religious abuse of detainees, stopping the use of IRF teams and all other physical abuse of detainees, ending the feeding of individuals against their will or under coercive circumstances,allowing detainees immediate access to independent medical and psychological professionals and ceasing the practice of forcible medication.
CCR Executive Director Vincent Warren called on President Barack Obama to “quickly remedy and end the Guantánamo created by his predecessor (former President George W. Bush), not embrace a whitewash of it.”
During his first week in office, President Obama ordered the Guantanamo prison camp to be closed within a year and named Attorney General Eric Holder to head a task force to review the case file of each of the 245 detainees to determine what to do with them. About 20 prisoners were scheduled to face trials by Military Commission but Obama suspended these proceedings while his administration reviews its judicial options.
CCR has been responsible for organizing and coordinating more than 500 lawyers across the country in order to represent the men at Guantanamo.
Friday, February 20, 2009
ANOTHER PROBLEM FOR OBAMA: OUR ALLIES
By William Fisher
The administration of U.S. President Barack Obama must take a leadership position in championing human rights in the Middle East and North Africa by using U.S. economic and trade leverage and confronting the growing global threat of authoritarianism being promoted by Arab regimes.
This is the view of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), whose recent annual report concludes that the region has witnessed a “grave deterioration of human rights while reform faces a dead end,” fuelled by increasingly repressive actions by many Arab countries acting in concert with the Arab League.
Moataz El fegiery, CIHRS Executive Director, told us, “Arab governments are turning the United Nations and the Arab League into platforms for exporting repression. The Arab League supports war criminals, anti-democratic coups, and restrictions on freedom of expression.”
In its first annual report, “From Exporting Terrorism to Exporting Repression”, CIHRS finds that “the status of human rights in the Arab region in 2008 has increasingly worsened. Attacks on the limited public and political liberties that exist have escalated in most countries in the region.”
“Advocates of reform and respect for human rights are the primary targets of repression” while “liberators have become executioners and weapons of resistance increasingly used against innocent civilians,” the report concludes.
It notes that while Islamists are no longer the central targets of repression, there is “rising religious extremism” triggered by ruling regimes allying with Salafis. Salafism is a movement that believes Islam was perfect and complete during the days of Muhammad and his companions, but that undesirable innovations have been added over the later centuries due to materialist and cultural influences. It seeks to revive a practice of Islam that more closely resembles the religion during the time of Muhammad.
The report says that, while “Islamists are less frequently targeted, there is an increase in repression of reformists, human rights defenders and activists, the independent press and electronic media, leaders of protest movements, and of other forms of political action in Arab countries. This has been accompanied by earnest attempts to export increasing domestic repression outside the Arab region through the international mechanisms of the UN and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Initiative.”
“Arab governments have made large individual and concerted efforts to silence independent non-governmental organizations or erase them from public visibility completely” while simultaneously “undermining their ability to promote human rights and provide protection for victims of rights violations,” the report charges.
The report documents the situation in 12 Arab countries and territories: Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Syria, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Lebanon, and Yemen.
It notes that in 2008 the Arab League “has become more expressive of authoritarian tendencies than any time in the past.”
The League “joined the leaders of the military coup in Mauritania in undermining the right of the Mauritanian people to democratically choose its leaders, and it rose in support of the Sudanese regime as the latter sought to evade accountability for the ongoing massacres in Darfur and in preventing Sudanese officials from appearing before the International Criminal Court. It has also become a platform from which to launch attacks on freedom of expression, particularly attacks on satellite and electronic media.”
The report states that “The Palestinian people have been a target of grave abuses, carried out in the shadow of the continuing criminal practices of the Israeli Occupational Forces and the bloody internal conflict between Hamas and Fatah.”
For the first time, the report adds, “the number of Palestinians killed as a result of internal fighting has exceeded the number killed as a result of Israeli attacks. Fatah and Hamas have outdone one another in their maltreatment of prisoners from the other side, engaging in the worst types of abusive practices.”
The report says that “Iraq remains the site of the gravest human rights abuses, which have led to the deaths of thousands of civilians, whether killed by American occupation forces, the Iraqi authorities, ongoing terrorist activity, or as part of the continued ethnic and communal violence and conflict.”
“Iraq is facing even further deterioration: Political and security arrangements are not standing on a firm foundation and rules for an equitable distribution of power and oil wealth have not been agreed upon. This may open additional fronts in the war or lead to the partition of Iraq.”
The report charges that “the Sudanese regime has shown a blatant disregard for the lives and suffering of the Sudanese people and for relevant international and regional resolutions, continuing its brutal attacks on villages and refugee centers in Darfur -- practices which have continued even after the President was indicted by the International Criminal Court.”
The regime in Sudan has also “continued to terrorize every national citizen or organization that refused to remain silent about the ongoing massacres in Darfur,” the report states.
The report notes “increased ethnic, religious, and sectarian tensions in several countries, especially in light of systematic discrimination against Shiites in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, and confrontations with Kurds in Syria. It also points to rising sectarian tension in Egypt due to growing religious bigotry, fostered by a climate in which religion is exploited politically by both the government and Islamist groups.”
At the same time, the Egyptian government “refuses to address long-standing problems that intensify discrimination against Copts and other groups. The report also notes that religious freedoms are also subject to repressive measures in Saudi Arabia and Algeria.
The report notes that “political and civil rights in Egypt have been greatly eroded after the authorities used all possible means, legal and illegal, to disqualify the majority of candidates from the Muslim Brotherhood and other opposition parties from running in local elections, and to prevent them from filing out their candidacy papers.”
“The elections themselves were carried out amid a broad arrest campaign targeting the Muslim Brothers and their candidates.”
The report points to “a general lack of independence and guarantees of justice in judicial systems throughout the region, as well as the plethora of exceptional courts. Democracy advocates, human rights defenders, minorities, bloggers, and journalists have all been subject to unfair trials in most countries.”
In addition, it claims that “those responsible for torture and grave police abuses are usually not subject to any form of judicial accountability and punishment.”
The report states that “the majority of ruling Arab regimes are gradually losing their political legitimacy as a result of their long-standing failure to resolve development problems and advance Arab societies, and for their refusal to base their legitimacy on free democratic choice. In fact, they are seeking to repair their tattered legitimacy by allying with Salafis, a move which only strengthens religious extremism and portends to the further erosion of human rights.”
Asked by this reporter what the Obama Administration could do to improve the human rights situation in Arab states, CIHRS Executive Director El fegiery voiced four priorities:
The U.S. should “mainstream human rights issues in any American diplomatic dialogue with the Arab states; use U.S. economic and trade leverage to encourage Arab States to step forward in human rights; promote international justice and civilian protection in the whole region without double standards; and be aware of the growing threat of global authoritarianism that is promoted by Arab Regimes in coalition with other famous hard abusers like China and Russia.”
The administration of U.S. President Barack Obama must take a leadership position in championing human rights in the Middle East and North Africa by using U.S. economic and trade leverage and confronting the growing global threat of authoritarianism being promoted by Arab regimes.
This is the view of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), whose recent annual report concludes that the region has witnessed a “grave deterioration of human rights while reform faces a dead end,” fuelled by increasingly repressive actions by many Arab countries acting in concert with the Arab League.
Moataz El fegiery, CIHRS Executive Director, told us, “Arab governments are turning the United Nations and the Arab League into platforms for exporting repression. The Arab League supports war criminals, anti-democratic coups, and restrictions on freedom of expression.”
In its first annual report, “From Exporting Terrorism to Exporting Repression”, CIHRS finds that “the status of human rights in the Arab region in 2008 has increasingly worsened. Attacks on the limited public and political liberties that exist have escalated in most countries in the region.”
“Advocates of reform and respect for human rights are the primary targets of repression” while “liberators have become executioners and weapons of resistance increasingly used against innocent civilians,” the report concludes.
It notes that while Islamists are no longer the central targets of repression, there is “rising religious extremism” triggered by ruling regimes allying with Salafis. Salafism is a movement that believes Islam was perfect and complete during the days of Muhammad and his companions, but that undesirable innovations have been added over the later centuries due to materialist and cultural influences. It seeks to revive a practice of Islam that more closely resembles the religion during the time of Muhammad.
The report says that, while “Islamists are less frequently targeted, there is an increase in repression of reformists, human rights defenders and activists, the independent press and electronic media, leaders of protest movements, and of other forms of political action in Arab countries. This has been accompanied by earnest attempts to export increasing domestic repression outside the Arab region through the international mechanisms of the UN and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Initiative.”
“Arab governments have made large individual and concerted efforts to silence independent non-governmental organizations or erase them from public visibility completely” while simultaneously “undermining their ability to promote human rights and provide protection for victims of rights violations,” the report charges.
The report documents the situation in 12 Arab countries and territories: Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Syria, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Lebanon, and Yemen.
It notes that in 2008 the Arab League “has become more expressive of authoritarian tendencies than any time in the past.”
The League “joined the leaders of the military coup in Mauritania in undermining the right of the Mauritanian people to democratically choose its leaders, and it rose in support of the Sudanese regime as the latter sought to evade accountability for the ongoing massacres in Darfur and in preventing Sudanese officials from appearing before the International Criminal Court. It has also become a platform from which to launch attacks on freedom of expression, particularly attacks on satellite and electronic media.”
The report states that “The Palestinian people have been a target of grave abuses, carried out in the shadow of the continuing criminal practices of the Israeli Occupational Forces and the bloody internal conflict between Hamas and Fatah.”
For the first time, the report adds, “the number of Palestinians killed as a result of internal fighting has exceeded the number killed as a result of Israeli attacks. Fatah and Hamas have outdone one another in their maltreatment of prisoners from the other side, engaging in the worst types of abusive practices.”
The report says that “Iraq remains the site of the gravest human rights abuses, which have led to the deaths of thousands of civilians, whether killed by American occupation forces, the Iraqi authorities, ongoing terrorist activity, or as part of the continued ethnic and communal violence and conflict.”
“Iraq is facing even further deterioration: Political and security arrangements are not standing on a firm foundation and rules for an equitable distribution of power and oil wealth have not been agreed upon. This may open additional fronts in the war or lead to the partition of Iraq.”
The report charges that “the Sudanese regime has shown a blatant disregard for the lives and suffering of the Sudanese people and for relevant international and regional resolutions, continuing its brutal attacks on villages and refugee centers in Darfur -- practices which have continued even after the President was indicted by the International Criminal Court.”
The regime in Sudan has also “continued to terrorize every national citizen or organization that refused to remain silent about the ongoing massacres in Darfur,” the report states.
The report notes “increased ethnic, religious, and sectarian tensions in several countries, especially in light of systematic discrimination against Shiites in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, and confrontations with Kurds in Syria. It also points to rising sectarian tension in Egypt due to growing religious bigotry, fostered by a climate in which religion is exploited politically by both the government and Islamist groups.”
At the same time, the Egyptian government “refuses to address long-standing problems that intensify discrimination against Copts and other groups. The report also notes that religious freedoms are also subject to repressive measures in Saudi Arabia and Algeria.
The report notes that “political and civil rights in Egypt have been greatly eroded after the authorities used all possible means, legal and illegal, to disqualify the majority of candidates from the Muslim Brotherhood and other opposition parties from running in local elections, and to prevent them from filing out their candidacy papers.”
“The elections themselves were carried out amid a broad arrest campaign targeting the Muslim Brothers and their candidates.”
The report points to “a general lack of independence and guarantees of justice in judicial systems throughout the region, as well as the plethora of exceptional courts. Democracy advocates, human rights defenders, minorities, bloggers, and journalists have all been subject to unfair trials in most countries.”
In addition, it claims that “those responsible for torture and grave police abuses are usually not subject to any form of judicial accountability and punishment.”
The report states that “the majority of ruling Arab regimes are gradually losing their political legitimacy as a result of their long-standing failure to resolve development problems and advance Arab societies, and for their refusal to base their legitimacy on free democratic choice. In fact, they are seeking to repair their tattered legitimacy by allying with Salafis, a move which only strengthens religious extremism and portends to the further erosion of human rights.”
Asked by this reporter what the Obama Administration could do to improve the human rights situation in Arab states, CIHRS Executive Director El fegiery voiced four priorities:
The U.S. should “mainstream human rights issues in any American diplomatic dialogue with the Arab states; use U.S. economic and trade leverage to encourage Arab States to step forward in human rights; promote international justice and civilian protection in the whole region without double standards; and be aware of the growing threat of global authoritarianism that is promoted by Arab Regimes in coalition with other famous hard abusers like China and Russia.”
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Will Holder Deliver the Change We Can Believe In?
By William Fisher
As U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder prepared for his first trip to the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, next week, human rights advocates suffered a stinging defeat when a federal appeals court ruled that 17 Chinese Muslims scheduled for release from the Caribbean detention center could not enter the U.S. and must remain in custody.
The Chinese prisoners, known as ethnic Uighurs, have been detained at Guantanamo without charge for over seven years, despite the fact that the U.S. government no longer considers the men “enemy combatants” and has admitted that it does not have the authority to detain them.
Last October, a federal circuit court ruled that the 17 must be released immediately and admitted into the U.S. The Bush Administration appealed that decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Earlier this week, the appeals court ruled that the Uighurs’ admission to the U.S. was an immigration matter and that only the executive and legislative branches of government have jurisdiction over entry to this country.
Jameel Jaffer, Director of the American Civil Liberties Union National Security Project, called the appeals court decision “a disappointing step back towards the Bush administration’s unlawful Guantánamo policies.”
He said, “These men were cleared for release but have been held without charge in a system that utterly disregards the fundamental tenets of due process. This decision only underscores how important it is that the Obama administration act quickly to dismantle the Bush administration’s misguided national security policies and to close Guantánamo altogether. The Bush administration’s proposition that individuals can be held indefinitely in a legal black hole is an idea that the Obama administration should reject immediately.”
Prof. David Cole of Georgetown University Law Center summed up the views of many leading legal scholars regarding the “war on terror” and related issues. He told us, “If our detentions of enemy combatants are ever to be accepted as legitimate by the rest of the world, we must be willing to conform our actions to basic principles of due process and fundamental fairness. Thus far, we have failed.”
Another human rights group that has been deeply involved in defending GITMO detainees, Human Rights First (HRF), said in a statement that it “regrets” the D.C. Circuit Court's ruling.
"This decision puts into stark relief the human costs of the Bush Administration's misguided Guantanamo policies, and underscores the urgency for the new administration to act to set it right," said Elisa Massimino, HRF’s CEO.
"These men were wrongly detained at Guantanamo for nearly seven years despite the lack of any evidence of their involvement with al Qaeda or the Taliban, or that they engaged in any conduct suggesting ill will toward the United States. There is no evidence that they pose a security threat, and if the U.S. Supreme Court's decision establishing the constitutional right of detainees to challenge their detention in a court of law means anything at all, then justice requires their release," she said.
"President Obama is unlikely to succeed in closing Guantanamo without the cooperation of other countries. And that cooperation depends in part on a demonstrated willingness to chart a new course," said Massimino. "The executive orders were a first step toward signaling this change. Resettling the Uighurs in the United States would send another important message, increasing the likelihood that other countries will accept some Guantanamo prisoners themselves."
The Bush Administration said that it would not return the Uighurs to China for fear they would be mistreated or even tortured, and that it had been unable to find any other countries willing to accept them. Although Albania had previously admitted several Uighurs, that country fell out of favor with the Chinese and other countries are reportedly fearful of Chinese retaliation.
These developments took place as Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. announced that he will make his first visit to Guantanamo, next week as part of his effort to determine how to handle the 245 remaining terrorism suspects detained there.
"We need to have our feet on the ground to really see what is going on down at the facility, to see how people are being detained, to talk to people down there about the interrogation techniques that are being used," Holder said.
An executive order issued by President Obama directed authorities to close the controversial prison within one year. Obama put the Attorney General in charge of a multi-agency task force to review case files and figure out whether prisoners can be released, sent to other countries, charged with crimes in U.S. courts or handled through the military commission process.
The Attorney General characterized the trip as "an important first step as we try to resolve the issues that the president has put before me as the chairman of those review committees."
In related “war on terror” developments, Attorney General Holder has ordered a review of all government claims invoking the state secrets privilege.
A spokesperson for the Department of Justice (DOJ) said that each state secrets claim will be reviewed to make sure the privilege was invoked only in lawful situations. "It is vital that we protect information that if released could jeopardize national security, but the department will ensure the privilege is not invoked to hide from the American people information about their government's actions that they have a right to know," the DOJ said.
The DOJ announcement came on the same day that government lawyers invoked the state secrets privilege before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in a controversial case known as Mohamed v. Jeppesen.
Binyam Mohamed and four others who are prisoners at Guantanamo Bay are attempting to sue Jeppesen Dataplan, a Boeing subsidiary, for its alleged role in knowingly providing the CIA with logistical support for the U.S. extraordinary rendition program that took them to countries where they were tortured.
The Bush administration previously intervened in the case, asserting the state secrets privilege, and a lower court judge threw out the lawsuit. It was appealed to the 9th Circuit, where the Obama DOJ chose not to change the government's position. The Appeals Court has not yet ruled on whether the case will be thrown out again or allowed to proceed.
Congress has now become involved in the state secrets controversy. In the House of Representatives, Congressmembers have reintroduced legislation that would ensure meaningful judicial determination of the state secrets privilege. The bi-partisan State Secret Protection Act of 2009 would curb abuse of the privilege while providing protection for valid state secrets.
In the Senate, Senators Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts Democrat, and Arlen Specter, Pennsylvania Republican, have introduced similar legislation.
The legislation would require courts to examine the evidence for which the state secrets privilege is claimed, in order to determine whether the executive branch has validly invoked the privilege. The court must look at the actual evidence, not just government affidavits about the evidence, and make its own assessment of whether information is covered by the privilege.
The state secrets privilege was regularly invoked by the Bush administration to block lawsuits over controversial anti-terrorism programs, including warrantless surveillance In September, a secrecy "report card" released by OpenTheGovernment.org revealed that the Bush administration invoked the state secrets privilege "45 times — an average of 6.4 times per year in 7 years (through 2007) — more than double the average (2.46) in the previous 24 years."
As U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder prepared for his first trip to the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, next week, human rights advocates suffered a stinging defeat when a federal appeals court ruled that 17 Chinese Muslims scheduled for release from the Caribbean detention center could not enter the U.S. and must remain in custody.
The Chinese prisoners, known as ethnic Uighurs, have been detained at Guantanamo without charge for over seven years, despite the fact that the U.S. government no longer considers the men “enemy combatants” and has admitted that it does not have the authority to detain them.
Last October, a federal circuit court ruled that the 17 must be released immediately and admitted into the U.S. The Bush Administration appealed that decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Earlier this week, the appeals court ruled that the Uighurs’ admission to the U.S. was an immigration matter and that only the executive and legislative branches of government have jurisdiction over entry to this country.
Jameel Jaffer, Director of the American Civil Liberties Union National Security Project, called the appeals court decision “a disappointing step back towards the Bush administration’s unlawful Guantánamo policies.”
He said, “These men were cleared for release but have been held without charge in a system that utterly disregards the fundamental tenets of due process. This decision only underscores how important it is that the Obama administration act quickly to dismantle the Bush administration’s misguided national security policies and to close Guantánamo altogether. The Bush administration’s proposition that individuals can be held indefinitely in a legal black hole is an idea that the Obama administration should reject immediately.”
Prof. David Cole of Georgetown University Law Center summed up the views of many leading legal scholars regarding the “war on terror” and related issues. He told us, “If our detentions of enemy combatants are ever to be accepted as legitimate by the rest of the world, we must be willing to conform our actions to basic principles of due process and fundamental fairness. Thus far, we have failed.”
Another human rights group that has been deeply involved in defending GITMO detainees, Human Rights First (HRF), said in a statement that it “regrets” the D.C. Circuit Court's ruling.
"This decision puts into stark relief the human costs of the Bush Administration's misguided Guantanamo policies, and underscores the urgency for the new administration to act to set it right," said Elisa Massimino, HRF’s CEO.
"These men were wrongly detained at Guantanamo for nearly seven years despite the lack of any evidence of their involvement with al Qaeda or the Taliban, or that they engaged in any conduct suggesting ill will toward the United States. There is no evidence that they pose a security threat, and if the U.S. Supreme Court's decision establishing the constitutional right of detainees to challenge their detention in a court of law means anything at all, then justice requires their release," she said.
"President Obama is unlikely to succeed in closing Guantanamo without the cooperation of other countries. And that cooperation depends in part on a demonstrated willingness to chart a new course," said Massimino. "The executive orders were a first step toward signaling this change. Resettling the Uighurs in the United States would send another important message, increasing the likelihood that other countries will accept some Guantanamo prisoners themselves."
The Bush Administration said that it would not return the Uighurs to China for fear they would be mistreated or even tortured, and that it had been unable to find any other countries willing to accept them. Although Albania had previously admitted several Uighurs, that country fell out of favor with the Chinese and other countries are reportedly fearful of Chinese retaliation.
These developments took place as Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. announced that he will make his first visit to Guantanamo, next week as part of his effort to determine how to handle the 245 remaining terrorism suspects detained there.
"We need to have our feet on the ground to really see what is going on down at the facility, to see how people are being detained, to talk to people down there about the interrogation techniques that are being used," Holder said.
An executive order issued by President Obama directed authorities to close the controversial prison within one year. Obama put the Attorney General in charge of a multi-agency task force to review case files and figure out whether prisoners can be released, sent to other countries, charged with crimes in U.S. courts or handled through the military commission process.
The Attorney General characterized the trip as "an important first step as we try to resolve the issues that the president has put before me as the chairman of those review committees."
In related “war on terror” developments, Attorney General Holder has ordered a review of all government claims invoking the state secrets privilege.
A spokesperson for the Department of Justice (DOJ) said that each state secrets claim will be reviewed to make sure the privilege was invoked only in lawful situations. "It is vital that we protect information that if released could jeopardize national security, but the department will ensure the privilege is not invoked to hide from the American people information about their government's actions that they have a right to know," the DOJ said.
The DOJ announcement came on the same day that government lawyers invoked the state secrets privilege before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in a controversial case known as Mohamed v. Jeppesen.
Binyam Mohamed and four others who are prisoners at Guantanamo Bay are attempting to sue Jeppesen Dataplan, a Boeing subsidiary, for its alleged role in knowingly providing the CIA with logistical support for the U.S. extraordinary rendition program that took them to countries where they were tortured.
The Bush administration previously intervened in the case, asserting the state secrets privilege, and a lower court judge threw out the lawsuit. It was appealed to the 9th Circuit, where the Obama DOJ chose not to change the government's position. The Appeals Court has not yet ruled on whether the case will be thrown out again or allowed to proceed.
Congress has now become involved in the state secrets controversy. In the House of Representatives, Congressmembers have reintroduced legislation that would ensure meaningful judicial determination of the state secrets privilege. The bi-partisan State Secret Protection Act of 2009 would curb abuse of the privilege while providing protection for valid state secrets.
In the Senate, Senators Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts Democrat, and Arlen Specter, Pennsylvania Republican, have introduced similar legislation.
The legislation would require courts to examine the evidence for which the state secrets privilege is claimed, in order to determine whether the executive branch has validly invoked the privilege. The court must look at the actual evidence, not just government affidavits about the evidence, and make its own assessment of whether information is covered by the privilege.
The state secrets privilege was regularly invoked by the Bush administration to block lawsuits over controversial anti-terrorism programs, including warrantless surveillance In September, a secrecy "report card" released by OpenTheGovernment.org revealed that the Bush administration invoked the state secrets privilege "45 times — an average of 6.4 times per year in 7 years (through 2007) — more than double the average (2.46) in the previous 24 years."
Saturday, February 14, 2009
DOD, CIA COOPERATED IN DETAINEE ABUSE
By William Fisher
Three human rights groups have released documents that they say reveal close cooperation between the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in rendering terrorism suspects to secret prisons, creating ‘ghost prisoners’ by concealing their identities from the Red Cross, and delaying their release to counter negative publicity about their treatment at Guántanamo Bay.
Close to a thousand pages of documents were obtained through a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit brought by Amnesty International USA (AIUSA), the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), and New York University’s Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ). The suit, dating from 2004, seeks the disclosure of government documents relating to secret detention, extraordinary rendition, and torture.
At a press conference last week, the groups revealed that the newly released documents confirm the existence of ‘black site’ prisons at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan and in Iraq; affirm the DOD’s cooperation with the CIA’s “ghost” detention program; and show one case where the DOD sought to delay the release of Guantánamo prisoners who were scheduled to be sent home in order to avoid bad press.
“These newly released documents confirm our suspicion that the tentacles of the CIA’s abusive program reached across agency lines,” said Margaret Satterthwaite, Director of the CHRGJ. “In fact, it is increasingly obvious that defense officials engaged in legal gymnastics to find ways to cooperate with the CIA’s activities. A full accounting of all agencies must now take place to ensure that future abuses don’t continue under a different guise,” she said.
While most of the documents simply contain news articles, there were several significant disclosures from the DOD.
A February 2006 email to members of the DOD's Transportation Command discusses how to deal with the bad press the U.S. was receiving over its detention facilities. It said the U.S. was “getting creamed” on human rights issues sparked by “coverage of the United Nations Rapporteur's report on Guantanamo, plus lingering interest in Abu Ghraib photos.” These developments add up to “the U.S. taking a big hit on the issues of human rights and respect for the rule of law, the email said.” It cited criticism of the U.S. in blogs and discussion boards.
"America has lost its prestige," a blogger from Yemen wrote. "Every year the world waits for the annual U.S. State Department report on human rights. Today, it is America that awaits the world's opinion of its human rights policy. From Gitmo, to Abu Ghraib, to secret prisons in Europe, the world accuses America of not respecting human rights."
To temper the bad PR, the email suggests delaying the release of prisoners at Gitmo" for 45 days or so until things die down. Otherwise we are likely to have a hero's (sic) welcome awaiting the detainees when they arrive."
The email adds, “It would probably be preferable if we could deliver these detainees in something smaller and more discreet than a T tail (a larger aircraft with a T-shaped tail wing).”
“It is astonishing that the government may have delayed releasing men from Guantánamo in order to avoid bad press,” said CCR attorney Gitanjali Gutierrez, who represents many of the men held in Guantánamo and has made 30 trips to the base since 2004. “Proposing to hold men for a month and a half after they were deemed releasable is inexcusable. The Obama Administration should avoid repeating this injustice and release the innocent individuals with all due haste.”
In a second document, one heavily redacted page mentions an "undisclosed detention facility" at Bagram.
Another highlights how the Geneva Conventions can be interpreted to allow the CIA and the DOD to ‘ghost’ detainees' identities so they can be denied a visit from the International Committee of the Red Cross. The organizations charged that the document, entitled “Applicability of Geneva Conventions to ‘Ghost Detainees’ in Iraq” shows that the DOD interpreted the ‘security internee’ provisions of the Geneva Conventions to allow for ‘ghosting’ of detainees by prohibiting the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from visiting. It also shows that the DOD recognized that indefinitely prohibiting the ICRC from visiting or failing to notify the ICRC of the existence of detainees was illegal under the Geneva Conventions, the groups said.
A 2005 document labeled a “Detainee Update” presentation dealt with “Internment Serial Number Policy (ISN). The organizations said, “It shows that the DOD did not, as a matter of course, register detainees with the ICRC until they had been in custody for up to 14 days and that authorization was sought to hold some individuals for up to 30 days without ISN/registry with ICRC to ‘maximize intelligence collection’,” even though “there is some disagreement as to legal basis to go beyond 14 days.”
The groups said these policies “demonstrate the ease with which the CIA could have used DOD facilities as ‘sorting facilities’ without having to worry about ICRC oversight or revelation of the ghost detainee program.”
Records from a Detainee Senior Leadership Oversight Council meeting contain references to a previously unreleased section of the Church Report and discuss the need for the DOD to develop and enforce guidelines governing their relationship with ‘Other Government Agencies’, including the CIA, in order to regulate interrogation and other operations overseas.
The organizations claimed that these documents demonstrate that the DOD and CIA were in an ad hoc relationship, “apparently unconstrained by formal guidelines.”
The lawsuit is based on Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests dating back to 2004. Previous government releases also included documents largely already in the public record, including, in one instance, a copy of the Geneva Conventions. This is the first time the DOD has provided any documents in response.
“Out of thousands of pages, most of what might be of interest was redacted,” said Tom Parker, Policy Director for Counterterrorism, Terrorism and Human Rights, for AIUSA.
“While the sheer number of pages creates the appearance of transparency, it is clear this is only the tip of the iceberg and that the government agencies have not complied with spirit of President Obama’s memo on Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. We call on Attorney General Eric Holder and the Obama administration to put teeth into the memo and work actively to comply with FOIA requests.”
In his first week in office, President Barack Obama signed an order closing the Guantanamo detention facility in Cuba within a year and prohibiting CIA secret prisons. However, the order allows the CIA to detain people temporarily. Obama also pledged increased openness and transparency during his administration.
It is not known whether the Pentagon or the CIA still holds ‘ghost detainees,’ Satterthwaite said, referring to people housed at secret facilities.
Three human rights groups have released documents that they say reveal close cooperation between the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in rendering terrorism suspects to secret prisons, creating ‘ghost prisoners’ by concealing their identities from the Red Cross, and delaying their release to counter negative publicity about their treatment at Guántanamo Bay.
Close to a thousand pages of documents were obtained through a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit brought by Amnesty International USA (AIUSA), the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), and New York University’s Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ). The suit, dating from 2004, seeks the disclosure of government documents relating to secret detention, extraordinary rendition, and torture.
At a press conference last week, the groups revealed that the newly released documents confirm the existence of ‘black site’ prisons at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan and in Iraq; affirm the DOD’s cooperation with the CIA’s “ghost” detention program; and show one case where the DOD sought to delay the release of Guantánamo prisoners who were scheduled to be sent home in order to avoid bad press.
“These newly released documents confirm our suspicion that the tentacles of the CIA’s abusive program reached across agency lines,” said Margaret Satterthwaite, Director of the CHRGJ. “In fact, it is increasingly obvious that defense officials engaged in legal gymnastics to find ways to cooperate with the CIA’s activities. A full accounting of all agencies must now take place to ensure that future abuses don’t continue under a different guise,” she said.
While most of the documents simply contain news articles, there were several significant disclosures from the DOD.
A February 2006 email to members of the DOD's Transportation Command discusses how to deal with the bad press the U.S. was receiving over its detention facilities. It said the U.S. was “getting creamed” on human rights issues sparked by “coverage of the United Nations Rapporteur's report on Guantanamo, plus lingering interest in Abu Ghraib photos.” These developments add up to “the U.S. taking a big hit on the issues of human rights and respect for the rule of law, the email said.” It cited criticism of the U.S. in blogs and discussion boards.
"America has lost its prestige," a blogger from Yemen wrote. "Every year the world waits for the annual U.S. State Department report on human rights. Today, it is America that awaits the world's opinion of its human rights policy. From Gitmo, to Abu Ghraib, to secret prisons in Europe, the world accuses America of not respecting human rights."
To temper the bad PR, the email suggests delaying the release of prisoners at Gitmo" for 45 days or so until things die down. Otherwise we are likely to have a hero's (sic) welcome awaiting the detainees when they arrive."
The email adds, “It would probably be preferable if we could deliver these detainees in something smaller and more discreet than a T tail (a larger aircraft with a T-shaped tail wing).”
“It is astonishing that the government may have delayed releasing men from Guantánamo in order to avoid bad press,” said CCR attorney Gitanjali Gutierrez, who represents many of the men held in Guantánamo and has made 30 trips to the base since 2004. “Proposing to hold men for a month and a half after they were deemed releasable is inexcusable. The Obama Administration should avoid repeating this injustice and release the innocent individuals with all due haste.”
In a second document, one heavily redacted page mentions an "undisclosed detention facility" at Bagram.
Another highlights how the Geneva Conventions can be interpreted to allow the CIA and the DOD to ‘ghost’ detainees' identities so they can be denied a visit from the International Committee of the Red Cross. The organizations charged that the document, entitled “Applicability of Geneva Conventions to ‘Ghost Detainees’ in Iraq” shows that the DOD interpreted the ‘security internee’ provisions of the Geneva Conventions to allow for ‘ghosting’ of detainees by prohibiting the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from visiting. It also shows that the DOD recognized that indefinitely prohibiting the ICRC from visiting or failing to notify the ICRC of the existence of detainees was illegal under the Geneva Conventions, the groups said.
A 2005 document labeled a “Detainee Update” presentation dealt with “Internment Serial Number Policy (ISN). The organizations said, “It shows that the DOD did not, as a matter of course, register detainees with the ICRC until they had been in custody for up to 14 days and that authorization was sought to hold some individuals for up to 30 days without ISN/registry with ICRC to ‘maximize intelligence collection’,” even though “there is some disagreement as to legal basis to go beyond 14 days.”
The groups said these policies “demonstrate the ease with which the CIA could have used DOD facilities as ‘sorting facilities’ without having to worry about ICRC oversight or revelation of the ghost detainee program.”
Records from a Detainee Senior Leadership Oversight Council meeting contain references to a previously unreleased section of the Church Report and discuss the need for the DOD to develop and enforce guidelines governing their relationship with ‘Other Government Agencies’, including the CIA, in order to regulate interrogation and other operations overseas.
The organizations claimed that these documents demonstrate that the DOD and CIA were in an ad hoc relationship, “apparently unconstrained by formal guidelines.”
The lawsuit is based on Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests dating back to 2004. Previous government releases also included documents largely already in the public record, including, in one instance, a copy of the Geneva Conventions. This is the first time the DOD has provided any documents in response.
“Out of thousands of pages, most of what might be of interest was redacted,” said Tom Parker, Policy Director for Counterterrorism, Terrorism and Human Rights, for AIUSA.
“While the sheer number of pages creates the appearance of transparency, it is clear this is only the tip of the iceberg and that the government agencies have not complied with spirit of President Obama’s memo on Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. We call on Attorney General Eric Holder and the Obama administration to put teeth into the memo and work actively to comply with FOIA requests.”
In his first week in office, President Barack Obama signed an order closing the Guantanamo detention facility in Cuba within a year and prohibiting CIA secret prisons. However, the order allows the CIA to detain people temporarily. Obama also pledged increased openness and transparency during his administration.
It is not known whether the Pentagon or the CIA still holds ‘ghost detainees,’ Satterthwaite said, referring to people housed at secret facilities.
Friday, February 13, 2009
To Investigate Bush or Not
By William Fisher
With growing public support for a public investigation of crimes that may have been committed by the administration of former president George W. Bush in waging its “global war on terror,” policy makers and legal experts are deeply divided on how to proceed – and President Barack Obama seems ambivalent about whether to proceed at all.
The President has said his view is that “nobody is above the law, and if there are clear instances of wrongdoing, that people should be prosecuted just like any ordinary citizen, but that, generally speaking, I’m more interested in looking forward than I am in looking backwards."
Before his nomination to be Obama’s Attorney General, Eric Holder appeared to take a stronger view. He said, “Our government authorized the use of torture, approved of secret electronic surveillance against American citizens, secretly detained American citizens without due process of law, denied the writ of habeas corpus to hundreds of accused enemy combatants and authorized the procedures that violate both international law and the United States Constitution.... We owe the American people a reckoning.”
But at his confirmation hearing before the Senate, Holder appeared to temper his response to be similar to Obama’s position.
Obama’s initial reaction was to a proposal from the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Sen. Patrick Leahy, a Vermont Democrat, for a "truth commission" to investigate abuses of detainees, politically inspired moves at the Justice Department, and whole range of decisions made during the Bush administration. At the time, Obama said he had not seen the Leahy proposal.
Such a “truth commission” is one of several ideas being offered by those who see a comprehensive look-back as essential to cleansing the U.S. justice system and restoring America’s reputation in the world.
Leahy said the primary goal of the commission would be to learn the truth rather than prosecute former officials, but said the inquiry should reach far beyond misdeeds at the Justice Department under Bush to include matters of Iraq prewar intelligence and the Defense Department.
The panel he envisions would be modeled after one that investigated the apartheid regime in South Africa. It would have subpoena power but would not bring criminal charges, he said.
Among the matters Leahy wants investigated by such a commission are: the firings of U.S. attorneys, treatment and torture of terror suspect detainees, and the authorization of warrantless wiretapping. He said that witnesses before such a commission might have to be granted limited immunity from prosecution to obtain their testimony.
Other Democrats have called for criminal investigations of those who authorized certain controversial tactics in the war on terror. Republicans have countered that such decisions made in the wake of the 2001 terror attacks should not be second-guessed.
An arguably stronger measure has been proposed by House Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers, a Michigan Democrat, and nine other lawmakers. The measure would set up a National Commission on Presidential War Powers and Civil Liberties, with subpoena power and a reported budget of around $3 million. It would investigate issues ranging from detainee treatment to waterboarding to extraordinary rendition. The panel's members would come from outside the government and be appointed by the president and congressional leaders of both parties.
This body would be much like the 9/11 Commission, set up after the Sept. 11 2001 attacks, to examine failures within government anti-terror efforts. The Commission’s investigation did not lead to any prosecutions.
Human rights advocacy groups and many legal experts have been more forceful in their proposals.
For example, Amnesty International is urging its supporters to press lawmakers to investigate the U.S. government's abuses in the war on terror and hold accountable those responsible. The organization is calling on Obama and Congress to create an independent and impartial commission to examine the use of torture, indefinite detention, secret renditions and other illegal U.S. counterterrorism policies.
But the organization does not necessarily see a conflict between a 9/11-type body and a “truth and reconciliation” commission. Amnesty International’s Tom Parker told us, “I don’t think the two approaches are mutually exclusive. Both could go forward at the same time. The immunities that may have to be granted by a Truth and Reconciliation Commission would not be absolute.”
Marjorie Cohn, president of the National Lawyers Guild, does not favor the “truth and reconciliation” approach. She told us, “As President Obama said, ‘No one is above the law.’ His attorney general should appoint a special prosecutor to investigate and prosecute Bush administration officials and lawyers who set the policy that led to the commission of war crimes. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions are used for nascent democracies in transition. By giving immunity to those who testify before them, it would ensure that those responsible for torture, abuse and illegal spying will never be brought to justice.”
A similar view was expressed by Peter M. Shane, a law professor at Ohio State University. He told us, “The immunities that might be granted in connection with a congressional or commission investigation of the Bush Administration could well compromise the prospects for criminal prosecution, as our experience with the Iran-Contra affair demonstrates. There is likewise reason to fear that justice cannot be completely served without recourse to prosecution.”
“On the other hand”, he said, “I believe our paramount need as a country is for a full and fair airing of the historical record; democracies depend, I think, on an unblinking understanding of their past.”
“One would hope that immunity might be granted as narrowly as possible and that efforts would be undertaken to allow the Justice Department to preserve its investigative integrity based on independently developed evidence. Should push come to shove, however, I think history is more important than prosecution,” he added.
Brian J. Foley, Visiting Associate Professor at Boston University law school, takes a harder line. He told us, "Until we have Truth and Reconciliation Commissions rather than prosecutions for drug offenders and others accused of non-violent crimes whom we promiscuously throw into our overcrowded prisons, we should not bestow 'justice lite' on our political leaders. It appears that laws designed with government actors in mind were broken. There should be prosecutions."
And Georgetown University’s David Cole, one of America’s preeminent constitutional lawyers, believes the Obama administration or Congress “should at a minimum appoint an independent, bipartisan, blue-ribbon commission to investigate and assess responsibility for the United States' adoption of coercive interrogation policies.” It should have “a charge to assess responsibility, not just to look forward.”
This divergence of viewpoints – from doing nothing to appointing a special prosecutor – is putting President Obama in an uncomfortable position. The most recent Gallup Poll shows that a sizable majority of Americans favors an investigation into Bush-era misconduct. But Obama appears reluctant to take any action that might further divide the country. Moreover, he may be loath to antagonize Republicans, whose support he may need on many other issues in the future.
The Democratically-controlled Congress does not need the president in order to act – it can hold extensive hearings, grant itself subpoena power and in effect take whatever action it desires short of legislation, which would require the President’s signature. But Congressional Democrats may well be reluctant to overtly defy the wishes of the president, who is the leader of their party.
So the form of the Bush-era retrospective – if there is to be one -- is yet very much a work in progress that will continue to put pressure on the young Obama Administration.
With growing public support for a public investigation of crimes that may have been committed by the administration of former president George W. Bush in waging its “global war on terror,” policy makers and legal experts are deeply divided on how to proceed – and President Barack Obama seems ambivalent about whether to proceed at all.
The President has said his view is that “nobody is above the law, and if there are clear instances of wrongdoing, that people should be prosecuted just like any ordinary citizen, but that, generally speaking, I’m more interested in looking forward than I am in looking backwards."
Before his nomination to be Obama’s Attorney General, Eric Holder appeared to take a stronger view. He said, “Our government authorized the use of torture, approved of secret electronic surveillance against American citizens, secretly detained American citizens without due process of law, denied the writ of habeas corpus to hundreds of accused enemy combatants and authorized the procedures that violate both international law and the United States Constitution.... We owe the American people a reckoning.”
But at his confirmation hearing before the Senate, Holder appeared to temper his response to be similar to Obama’s position.
Obama’s initial reaction was to a proposal from the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Sen. Patrick Leahy, a Vermont Democrat, for a "truth commission" to investigate abuses of detainees, politically inspired moves at the Justice Department, and whole range of decisions made during the Bush administration. At the time, Obama said he had not seen the Leahy proposal.
Such a “truth commission” is one of several ideas being offered by those who see a comprehensive look-back as essential to cleansing the U.S. justice system and restoring America’s reputation in the world.
Leahy said the primary goal of the commission would be to learn the truth rather than prosecute former officials, but said the inquiry should reach far beyond misdeeds at the Justice Department under Bush to include matters of Iraq prewar intelligence and the Defense Department.
The panel he envisions would be modeled after one that investigated the apartheid regime in South Africa. It would have subpoena power but would not bring criminal charges, he said.
Among the matters Leahy wants investigated by such a commission are: the firings of U.S. attorneys, treatment and torture of terror suspect detainees, and the authorization of warrantless wiretapping. He said that witnesses before such a commission might have to be granted limited immunity from prosecution to obtain their testimony.
Other Democrats have called for criminal investigations of those who authorized certain controversial tactics in the war on terror. Republicans have countered that such decisions made in the wake of the 2001 terror attacks should not be second-guessed.
An arguably stronger measure has been proposed by House Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers, a Michigan Democrat, and nine other lawmakers. The measure would set up a National Commission on Presidential War Powers and Civil Liberties, with subpoena power and a reported budget of around $3 million. It would investigate issues ranging from detainee treatment to waterboarding to extraordinary rendition. The panel's members would come from outside the government and be appointed by the president and congressional leaders of both parties.
This body would be much like the 9/11 Commission, set up after the Sept. 11 2001 attacks, to examine failures within government anti-terror efforts. The Commission’s investigation did not lead to any prosecutions.
Human rights advocacy groups and many legal experts have been more forceful in their proposals.
For example, Amnesty International is urging its supporters to press lawmakers to investigate the U.S. government's abuses in the war on terror and hold accountable those responsible. The organization is calling on Obama and Congress to create an independent and impartial commission to examine the use of torture, indefinite detention, secret renditions and other illegal U.S. counterterrorism policies.
But the organization does not necessarily see a conflict between a 9/11-type body and a “truth and reconciliation” commission. Amnesty International’s Tom Parker told us, “I don’t think the two approaches are mutually exclusive. Both could go forward at the same time. The immunities that may have to be granted by a Truth and Reconciliation Commission would not be absolute.”
Marjorie Cohn, president of the National Lawyers Guild, does not favor the “truth and reconciliation” approach. She told us, “As President Obama said, ‘No one is above the law.’ His attorney general should appoint a special prosecutor to investigate and prosecute Bush administration officials and lawyers who set the policy that led to the commission of war crimes. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions are used for nascent democracies in transition. By giving immunity to those who testify before them, it would ensure that those responsible for torture, abuse and illegal spying will never be brought to justice.”
A similar view was expressed by Peter M. Shane, a law professor at Ohio State University. He told us, “The immunities that might be granted in connection with a congressional or commission investigation of the Bush Administration could well compromise the prospects for criminal prosecution, as our experience with the Iran-Contra affair demonstrates. There is likewise reason to fear that justice cannot be completely served without recourse to prosecution.”
“On the other hand”, he said, “I believe our paramount need as a country is for a full and fair airing of the historical record; democracies depend, I think, on an unblinking understanding of their past.”
“One would hope that immunity might be granted as narrowly as possible and that efforts would be undertaken to allow the Justice Department to preserve its investigative integrity based on independently developed evidence. Should push come to shove, however, I think history is more important than prosecution,” he added.
Brian J. Foley, Visiting Associate Professor at Boston University law school, takes a harder line. He told us, "Until we have Truth and Reconciliation Commissions rather than prosecutions for drug offenders and others accused of non-violent crimes whom we promiscuously throw into our overcrowded prisons, we should not bestow 'justice lite' on our political leaders. It appears that laws designed with government actors in mind were broken. There should be prosecutions."
And Georgetown University’s David Cole, one of America’s preeminent constitutional lawyers, believes the Obama administration or Congress “should at a minimum appoint an independent, bipartisan, blue-ribbon commission to investigate and assess responsibility for the United States' adoption of coercive interrogation policies.” It should have “a charge to assess responsibility, not just to look forward.”
This divergence of viewpoints – from doing nothing to appointing a special prosecutor – is putting President Obama in an uncomfortable position. The most recent Gallup Poll shows that a sizable majority of Americans favors an investigation into Bush-era misconduct. But Obama appears reluctant to take any action that might further divide the country. Moreover, he may be loath to antagonize Republicans, whose support he may need on many other issues in the future.
The Democratically-controlled Congress does not need the president in order to act – it can hold extensive hearings, grant itself subpoena power and in effect take whatever action it desires short of legislation, which would require the President’s signature. But Congressional Democrats may well be reluctant to overtly defy the wishes of the president, who is the leader of their party.
So the form of the Bush-era retrospective – if there is to be one -- is yet very much a work in progress that will continue to put pressure on the young Obama Administration.
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